Title
Pre-Ural herb-rich fir-spruce forests (Picea obovata, Picea abies x Picea obovata, Abies sibirica) with Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus laevis) and broad-leaved forest herb species (Galium odoratum, Anemone altaica, Cacalia hastata)
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Russia: large-scaled as well as insular between Volga/Kama and the foot of the central Ural
area frequency
18 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
No details
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Upper tree layer consists of Picea obovata, Picea abies x Picea obovata and Abies sibirica. Nemoral tree species such as Tilia cordata, Ulmus glabra, and more rarely Ulmus laevis and Acer platanoides are admixtures. Abies sibirica reaches 10-20 % and nemoral tree species 10-30 % of the tree phytomass, whereby Tilia cordata is dominant. The canopy closure is 60-95 %, 120-130 years old spruces are 26-27 m high, the lime reaches 18-22 m, and the elm 14-16 m with a degree of coverage of the shrub layer of 20-40 %. The herb layer is relatively dense (60-90 % degree of coverage), species-rich and contains boreal and nemoral species; spring aspect with Anemone altaica. The moss layer is weakly developed (10-20 % degree of coverage). Herb-, tall herb- (Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. lycoctonum, Cacalia hastata) and fern-rich (Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina) types prevail.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Picea obovata, Picea abies x Picea obovata, Abies sibirica, with admixture of Tilia cordata, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus laevis, Acer platanoides
Shrub layer
Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus padus, Lonicera xylosteum, Corylus avellana, Euonymus verrucosa
Herb layer
Galium odoratum, Ajuga reptans, Aegopodium podagraria, Asarum europaeum, Pulmonaria obscura, Milium effusum, Lathyrus vernus, Anemone altaica, Oxalis acetosella, Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina; at valley and hollow sites boreal and Uralian-Siberian tall herbs: Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. lycoctonum, Cacalia hastata, Senecio nemorensis agg., Bupleurum longifolium subsp. aureum
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Ptilium crista-castrensis among others
Diagnostically important species
Picea obovata, Picea abies x Picea obovata, Abies sibirica, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus laevis, Acer platanoides; Corylus avellana, Euonymus verrucosa; Galium odoratum, Lathyrus vernus, Asarum europaeum among others nemoral forest plants, furthermore Uralian-Siberian species (Anemone altaica, Bupleurum longifolium subsp. aureum, Cacalia hastata)
Ecological variants
locally fern and tall herb-rich formation types.
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
No details
Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
small area incidences of eastern boreal coniferous forests as well as eastern European meadow steppes (Koeleria glauca, Phleum phleoides, Adonis vernalis, Filipendula vulgaris, Veronica spicata).
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
east-boreal spruce and fir-spruce forests(D12, D20, D23), pine forests (D55, D57, D58), lime-pedunculate oak forests (F70, F72), forest steppes (L6), alluvial forests (U6, U10, U12).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
spruce plantations, secondary birch, asp as well as maple-elm-lime mixed stands.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
mesophilous meadows and pastures.
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
No details
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
No details
Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
weakly undulating hilly country
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
100-400 m
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
humus-rich, weakly podzolic grey forest soils; (eutric podzoluvisols, orthic luvisols)
soil moisture, water balance
fresh
soil reaction
moderately acidic
soil fertility
mesotrophic, meso-eutrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VIII1, VIII(VI)4, VII(VIII)
average annual temperature
1-2 °C
average annual precipitation
680-750 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
July Å17 °C
average temperature of the coldest month
January -16 to -15 °C
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
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Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
No details
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
No details
required measures for protection and restitution
No details
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
Russia: Ufimskoe plato (north of Ufa).
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Igošina 1964
Compiled by
Z. Neuhäuslová based on documents by P.L. Gorčakovskij
