Title
East European herb-rich pine-forests (Pinus sylvestris) with Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Chamaecytisus zingeri, alternating with hygrophilous pine forests and with mires
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Russia: very small distribution area between the rivers Oka, Moskva and Volga
area frequency
8 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
No details
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Relief-dependent complex mapping unit consisting of xerophytic pine forests with lichens (D55) on morainal ridges and hills, pine forests with dwarf shrubs and mosses (D49) on slopes, moist pine forests (D47) in hollows, and mires in shallow kettles. In the vicinity of the mires these are wooded raised bogs (S12) and tree-rich transitional mires (S20). Chamaecytisus zingeri is characteristic for the shrub undergrowth of the pine forests.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Pinus sylvestris with admixture of Quercus robur and Tilia cordata (in the underwood), locally with Betula pubescens
Shrub layer
Chamaecytisus zingeri
Herb layer
see D47, D49, D55
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
see D47, D49, D55
Diagnostically important species
Pinus sylvestris; Chamaecytisus zingeri; further composition of species: see the mapping units mentioned above
Ecological variants
No details
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
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Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
see under heading 'Structural feature'.
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
fir-spruce forests (D12, D20), pine forests (D48, D55), lime-pedunculate oak forests (F70, F71), tree-rich raised bogs (S12), alder carrs (T1), birch carrs (T4), alluvial forests (U10, U12).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Coniferous plantations and birch-asp pioneer forests.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
No details
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
No details
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
No details
Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
old alluvial plains with sand dunes: alternating from shallow hollows with steep, long-stretching ridges
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
lowland-colline
Geology (bedrock)
fluvioglacial and eolian sediments (Pleistocene, Holocene)
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
podzolic sandsoils alternating with gley-podzoles, peaty soil-gley- and peat soils; (orthic and gleyic podzols; dystric gleysols)
soil texture
sand, gravel, locally peat
soil moisture, water balance
peaty-swampy to moderately dry
soil reaction
strongly to moderately acidic
soil fertility
oligo-mesotrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VIII(VI)1
average annual temperature
3-5 °C
average annual precipitation
400-600 (to 800) mm
average temperature of the warmest month
20-24 °C
average temperature of the coldest month
-10 to -4 °C
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
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Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
There are few semi-natural stands remaining, and many secondary birch and asp forests.
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
Clear felling, intensive forestry.
required measures for protection and restitution
No details
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
No details
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Gribova, Isačenko & Lavrenko (Red.) 1980; Kurnaev 1968; Matuszkiewicz 1984; Matuszkiewicz & Matuszkiewicz 1973; Ničenko 1960a; Povarnicyn 1971; Rysin 1975; Sambuk 1986a; Sambuk 1986b; Smirnova 1928; Vasilevič 1961; Zinserling 1932
Compiled by
T.K. Jurkovskaja, N.M. Kalibernova
