Title
Moesian Luzula luzuloides-beech and fir-beech forests (Fagus sylvatica subsp. moesiaca, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba), partly with Acer heldreichii, with Prenanthes purpurea
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Widely scattered insular occurrences in Yugoslavia: Serbia; Bulgaria: western Balkan-mountains; Macedonia: border mountains towards Bulgaria
area frequency
11 polygons .
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Fagus sylvatica + Abies alba-ass. Bondev 1991.
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Two-layered beech and fir-beech forests, with a well developed herb layer.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Fagus sylvatica predominating, with alternating admixture of Abies alba, Acer heldreichii, Acer pseudoplatanus, locally Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior
Shrub layer
Sambucus racemosa, Rubus idaeus
Herb layer
Luzula luzuloides, Luzula sylvatica, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Oxalis acetosella; montane-subalpine tall forb: Prenanthes purpurea, Senecio nemorensis agg., Geranium macrorrhizum, Doronicum austriacum, Adenostyles alliariae, Lunaria rediviva; rich formation: Galium odoratum, Hordelymus europaeus, Mercurialis perennis, Cardamine bulbifera, Milium effusum, Dryopteris filix-mas, Bromus ramosus, Cruciata glabra, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Festuca drymeja, Impatiens noli-tangere, Mycelis muralis, Dactylis glomerata,
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
Hypnum cupressiforme, Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens
Diagnostically important species
Fagus sylvatica subsp. moesiaca, Abies alba, Acer heldreichii; Luzula luzuloides, Luzula sylvatica, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Festuca drymeja, Geranium macrorrhizum, Prenanthes purpurea, Adenostyles alliariae, Doronicum austriacum, Lunaria rediviva
Ecological variants
No details
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
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Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
Abies alba, Picea abies, Acer pseudoplatanus forests.
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
oak-hornbeam forests (F66), species-rich beech forests (F124, F142, F154), sessile oak forests (G9), Balkan oak-bitter oak forests (G19, G23), Balkan pine forests (K6).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Populus tremula pioneer forests, Pinus sylvestris plantations; Juniperus communis, Corylus avellana scrub.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Infertile pastures with Agrostis capillaris, Nardus stricta, Pteridium aquilinum.
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
Potato fields.
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
Rumex pseudoalpinus, Stellaria nemorum communities.
Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
Northern slopes in uplands and high mountains
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
altimontane; 1200-1500 m
Geology (bedrock)
siliceous rocks (Palaeozoic, Precambrian)
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
acidic brown soils; ((stony) dystric cambisols)
soil texture
sandy-loamy to stony
soil moisture, water balance
fresh to seeping moist
soil fertility
mesotrophic, meso-eutrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
IV(VI), VI2b, VI(VII), X
average annual temperature
8-12 EC
average annual precipitation
600-950 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
July 14-17 EC
average temperature of the coldest month
January -3 to -1 EC
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
Moderately continental climate.
Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
Some stands protected in nature reserves of the Balkan mountains.
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
No details
required measures for protection and restitution
Protection of all semi-natural remnants.
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
Bulgaria: Tschuprene, Orlov kamne, Gornata kurija.
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Bondev 1991
Compiled by
Z. Neuhäuslová based on documents by I. Bondev
