Title
Southeast Carpathian hornbeam-beech forests (Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus) with Melampyrum bihariense
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Romania: marginal sites of the east and south Carpathians (hilly country and lower mountains)
area frequency
35 polygons .
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Carpino-Fagetum Pauc| 1941, Festuco drymeiae-Fagetum Morariu et al. 1968.
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Two-layered beech forests with dominant Fagus sylvatica (28-32 m tall), and also Fagus sylvatica subsp. moesiaca; lower tree layer (20-25 m high) with Carpinus betulus, and occasionally also Quercus petraea, Tilia cordata, Acer campestre, Prunus avium are added individually. The herb layer features primarily Fagetalia species.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
dominating Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica subsp. moesiaca, admixed Carpinus betulus, Quercus petraea, locally Tilia cordata, Prunus avium, Acer campestre
Shrub layer
Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus hirtus, Euonymus europaea, Euonymus verrucosa, Daphne mezereum, Cornus sanguinea
Lianas
Hedera helix, locally Tamus communis, Clematis vitalba
Herb layer
Cardamine bulbifera, Galium odoratum, Lamium galeobdolon, Viola reichenbachiana, Hepatica nobilis, Pulmonaria officinalis, Asarum europaeum, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Lathyrus vernus, Mercurialis perennis, Carex sylvatica, Sanicula europaea, Neottia nidus-avis, Dryopteris filix-mas, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Poa nemoralis; geographical diagnostic and differential species: Cardamine glanduligera, Galium schultesii, Carex pilosa, Festuca drymeja, Melampyrum bihariense, Helleborus purpurascens
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
No details
Diagnostically important species
Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica subsp. moesiaca, Carpinus betulus; Stellaria holostea, Festuca drymeja, Melampyrum bihariense, Helleborus purpurascens, Cardamine glanduligera, Cardamine bulbifera, Galium schultesii, Carex pilosa, Lathyrus venetus, Salvia glutinosa, Euphorbia amygdaloides
Ecological variants
Locally thermophilous forms with Sorbus torminalis, Ligustrum vulgare, Campanula rapunculoides, Cephalanthera rubra, Cephalanthera damasonium, Campanula persicifolia.
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
In some areas with Tilia tomentosa, Arum orientale, Ruscus aculeatus, Ruscus hypoglossum.
Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
No details
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
acidophilous pedunculate oak forests (F22), mixed oak-hornbeam forests (F48, F60, F61, F62, F64), species-poor beech forests (F102), species-rich beech forests (F123, F125, F135), Carpathian mixed Tatar maple- oak forests (G3), mixed Quercus polycarpa-oak forests (G9, G10), sessile oak-bitter oak forests (G16), Balkan oak-bitter oak forests (G20, G21), alluvial forests (U16, U18).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Secondary oak hornbeam forests, oak forestry.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Festuco-Agrostetum Horvat 1951, Anthoxantho-Agrostetum capillaris Sillinger 1933.
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
No details
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
No details
Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
Hilly country and lower mountainous country, slopes, plateaus
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
colline-submontane (to montane); 400-600(800) m
Geology (bedrock)
siliceous rock (Palaeozoic, Precambrian), flysch (Tertiary, Cretaceous),
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
parabrown soils, acidic to neutrale eu-mesotrophic brown soils; (luvisols; stony eutric cambisols)
soil moisture, water balance
fresh to moderately dry
soil reaction
moderately acidic to weakly acidic
soil fertility
mesotrophic, meso-eutrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VI2a, VI(VII)
average annual temperature
7,5-9 EC
average annual precipitation
600-850 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
19-21 EC
average temperature of the coldest month
-4 to -2 EC
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
Cool-humid climate.
Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
No details
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
No details
required measures for protection and restitution
No details
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
No details
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Doniţă, Ivan, Coldea, Sanda, Popescu, Chifu, Paucă-Comănescu, Mitetelu & Boşcaiu 1992; Ivan, Doniţă, Coldea, Sanda, Popescu, Chifu, Boşcaiu, Mititelu & Paucă-Comănescu 1993; Paucă 1941
Compiled by
Z. Neuhäuslová after D. Ivan et al.1993, completed by U. Bohn after DoniÛ| 1992
