Title
Illyrian-Dinaric fir-beech forests (Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba), partly with Picea abies, with Acer pseudoplatanus, Rhamnus alpina subsp. fallax, Festuca altissima, Homogyne sylvestris, Cardamine enneaphyllos
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Slovenia: Sneñnik, Trnovski Gozd, Ko…evski Rog, border to Croatia; Croatia: Velika Kapela, Mala Kapela, Pljesivica, Dinara Planina; Bosnia-Herzegovina: Vitorog, Vlašiƒ, Javor; Yugoslavia: Montenegro; Albania: Alpet, Korab
area frequency
47 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) Marin…ek et al. 1993 (syn.: Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum (Horvat 1938) Tregubov 1957; Fagetum croaticum australe abietosum, Abieti-Fagetum illyricum Fukarek et Stefanoviƒ 1958).
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Species-rich fir-beech forest that contains southeast european-Illyrian and Central European species, while in certain parts spruce forest species are typical. The shrub layer is weakly developed, and the herb layer varies between 33 % and approx. 100 % in coverage. Dominance of basiphilous to neutrophilous Fagetalia species. Well or poorly developed moss layer.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Acer pseudoplatanus, locally Picea abies
Shrub layer
Daphne mezereum, Daphne laureola, Lonicera xylosteum, Lonicera alpigena Rhamnus alpina subsp. fallax, Corylus avellana, Rubus idaeus
Herb layer
Cyclamen purpurascens, Festuca altissima, Mercurialis perennis, Dryopteris filix-mas, Polystichum aculeatum, Athyrium filix-femina, Scopolia carniolica, Asplenium scolopendrium, Stellaria nemorum subsp. montana, Mycelis muralis, Galium odoratum, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Vicia oroboides, Calamintha grandiflora, Aremonia agrimonoides
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
Plagiochila asplenioides, Eurhynchium angustirete, Ctenidium molluscum, Isothecium alopecuroides among others
Diagnostically important species
Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba; Rhamnus alpina subsp. fallax; Omphalodes verna, Cardamine trifolia, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Calamintha grandiflora, Aremonia agrimonoides, Festuca altissima, Homogyne sylvestris
Ecological variants
No details
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
pre-Alpine-Dinaric strain (Anemone trifolia), pre-Alpine strain (Adenostyles glabra), pre-Alpine-sub-Mediterranean strain (Luzula nivea), pre-Pannonian strain (Cardamine trifolia), in the south (Bosnia to Albania) without Illyrian species.
Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, Ostryo-Fagetum, Aceri-Fraxinetum illyricum, Aceri-Fraxinetum croaticum, Anemono-Fagetum, Arunco-Fagetum.
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
alpine grassland (B55), dwarf pine scrubs (C37), spruce forests (D38), acid-soil oak and mixed oak forests (F20), mixed oak-hornbeam forests (F47, F65, F66), species-poor beech forests (F87), species-rich beech and mixed beech forests (F121, F142, F144, F150, F151, F153, F158), sessile oak-bitter oak forests (G18), Balkan oak-bitter oak forests (G19), hop-downy oak forests (G48), Balkan pine and black pine forests (K6, K7, K9, K15), alluvial forests (U15).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
spruce forests, Prunetalia spinosae scrub.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Chalk grassland (Bromo-Brachypodietum pinnati, Brominion erecti).
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
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settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
No details
Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
High karst plateaus
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
montane to altimontane; (600)700-1100(1300) m
Geology (bedrock)
limestone (Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic)
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
carbonate-rich brown soils, rendzines to brown rendzines; (chromic and calcaric cambisols; rendzic leptosols)
soil texture
loamy, stone-rich
soil moisture, water balance
fresh
soil reaction
weakly acidic to neutral
soil fertility
mesotrophic, meso-eutrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VI(X), X
average annual temperature
5-8 EC
average annual precipitation
1500-2000 (to 3000) mm
average temperature of the warmest month
16-18 EC
average temperature of the coldest month
-2 to -1 EC
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
Humid climate with characteristic peculiarities of barriere-effects of the Dinaric Massive on air-mass of Adriaric cyclons.
Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
No details
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
Nearly-natural fir-beech forests are worthy of protection.
causes of endangerment
Clearing, forestry, forest grazing.
required measures for protection and restitution
No details
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
No details
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Fukarek & Stefanović 1958a; Fukarek & Stefanović 1958b; Hoda 1989; Horvat 1938; Horvat, Glavač & Ellenberg 1974; Marinček & Čarni 2002; Mersinllari 1988; Puncer 1980; Ruci 1986; Tregubov 1957
Compiled by
Z. Neuhäuslová based on documents by M. Zupan…i…, completed by M. Zupan…i…, I. Trinajstiƒ, J. Vangjeli, U. Bohn
