Title
Dinaric altimontane Heldreich maple-beech forests (Fagus sylvatica subsp. moesiaca, Acer heldreichii subsp. macropterum) with Picea abies, Lonicera alpigena, Rhamnus alpina subsp. fallax, Lunaria rediviva, Telekia speciosa, Adenostyles alliariae
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Bosnia- Herzegovina: Prenj Planina; Yugoslavia: Montenegro; north Albania
area frequency
5 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum moesiacae B. Jovanoviƒ 1957. In Greece so far not exemplified, but presumably fragmentary and poor in the border mountains northwest of Thessaloniki at the upper forest limit (e. g. Voras-mountains).
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Three to four-layered Balkan maple-beech forests with mesophilous Central European and Balkan species, including individual acidophytes. The moss layer is species-poor.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica subsp. moesiaca, Acer heldreichii, Acer heldreichii subsp. macropterum, Picea abies
Shrub layer
Salix silesiaca, Lonicera alpigena, Rosa pendulina, Ribes alpinum, Rhamnus alpina subsp. fallax
Herb layer
Lunaria rediviva, Prenanthes purpurea, Polygynatum verticillatum, Adenostyles alliariae, Dryopteris filix-mas, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Stellaria nemorum, Oxalis acetosella, Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, Luzula luzuloides, Poa nemoralis, Festuca drymeja
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
Barbula unguiculata, Pylaisia polyantha, Schistidium apocarpum
Diagnostically important species
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica subsp. moesiaca, Acer heldreichii s. l.; Lonicera alpigena, Rhamnus alpina subsp. fallax; Adenostyles alliariae, Polygonatum verticillatum, Circaea alpina, Petasites albus, Tanacetum macrophyllum, Telekia speciosa, Doronicum columnae
Ecological variants
No details
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
No details
Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
Abieti-Fagetum moesiacum, Luzulo-Fagetum, Quercetum montanum.
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
dwarf pine scrubs (C37), spruce forests (D38), species-poor (F87) and species-rich beech- and fir-beech forests (F143, F144), Balkan pine forests (K7).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Pioneer communities with Populus tremula, Picea abies.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
No details
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
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settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
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Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
High mountains, steep slopes (30-40°)
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
altimontane to subalpine; (1300) 1400-1600 (2000) m
Geology (bedrock)
base-rich sedimentary rocks (Triassic)
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
humic, stone-rich brown soils; (humic eutric and stony cambisols)
soil texture
sandy-loamy, stone-rich
soil moisture, water balance
fresh, (moist)
soil reaction
moderately to weakly acidic
soil fertility
mesotrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VI(X), X
average annual temperature
4-8 EC
average annual precipitation
750 to >1400 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
15-17 EC
average temperature of the coldest month
-3 to -1 EC
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
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Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
Forests preserved in a semi-natural manner only in a few places.
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum moesiacae with the Balkan-endemic species Acer heldreichii s. l.
causes of endangerment
Clearing, grazing, low forest management.
required measures for protection and restitution
Protection of all semi-natural stands.
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
Bosnia-Herzegovina: Magliƒ, Treskavica; Yugoslavia (Montenegro): Šar Planina.
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Fukarek & Stefanović 1958a; Fukarek & Stefanović 1958b; Horvat, Glavač & Ellenberg 1974; Mišić et al. 1978
Compiled by
Z. Neuhäuslová based on documents by M. Zupan…i…, comment by Th. Raus, completion by U. Bohn
