F21: Pine-oak forests (Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris, partly Quercus cerris, Fraxinus ornus), partly with Cytisus nigricans, Genista tinctoria, Chamaecytisus hirsutus, Potentilla micrantha, Lathyrus venetus in the southeast pre-Alps and Illyria

Title

Pine-oak forests (Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris, partly Quercus cerris, Fraxinus ornus), partly with Cytisus nigricans, Genista tinctoria, Chamaecytisus hirsutus, Potentilla micrantha, Lathyrus venetus in the southeast pre-Alps and Illyria

Geographical distribution

Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)

Croatia: Castaneo-Quercetum I. Horvat 1938; Hungary: Genisto pilosae-Quercetum (Magyar 1933) Zólyomi, Jakucs & Fekete in Zólyomi & Jakucs 1957; Luzulo forsteri-Quercetum petraeae Borhidi & Kevey 1996; Genisto pilosae-Quercetum polycarpae (A.O. Horvat 1967) Borhidi & Kevey 1996; Genisto tinctoriae-Quercetum ornetosum Debreczy & Hargitai 1971; Bosnia: Erico-Quercetum petraeae Krause & Ludwig 1957 ex Horvat 1959; Quercetum montanum rubetosum hirti Ritter-Studni…ka 1970, Calluno-Quercetum serpentinicum Ritter-Studni…ka 1970, Quercetum montanum illyricum Stefanoviƒ 1964; Slovenia: Melampyro vulgati-Quercetum petraeae Puncer & Zupan…i… 1979 nom. illeg. [art. 31].

Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)

Two- to four-layered, only poorly to moderately growing forests, with dominant oaks (Quercus petraea, sometimes with Quercus dalechampii Quercus polycarpa Quercus cerris on dry sites) and locally Castanea sativa (naturalised), Betula pendula and Fraxinus ornus. The shrub layer is lacking or only weakly developed. There is a dwarf shrub or grass-rich herb layer; the moss layer is weakly to well developed with dominating acidophilous mosses.

Dominant and most frequent species in different layers

Diagnostically important species

Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Quercus dalechampii, Quercus cerris, Fraxinus ornus; Deschampsia flexuosa, Melampyrum pratense, Hieracium sabaudum, Cytisus nigricans, Chamaecytisus supinus, Chamaecytisus hirsutus, Potentilla micrantha, Silene viridiflora, Lathyrus venetus

Ecological variants

Thermophilous, xerothermic and intermittently moist forms (the latter with Quercus robur, Frangula alnus, Molinia caerulea agg., Pteridium aquilinum).

Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)

In eastern Slovakia and northern Hungary a dry form occurs with Genista pilosa and Tanacetum corymbosum; in the Graz mountains with Poa stiriaca. Thermophilous form in the south with Castanea sativa, Fraxinus ornus, Quercus polycarpa. In the pre-Carpathian hills Orthilia secunda and Trientalis europaea occur occasionally.

Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)

Oak-hornbeam forests (Carpinion), streamside alluvial forests (Stellario nemori-Alnetum glutinosae, Stellario bulbosae-Fraxinetum) ?, in the south also Castaneo-Fagetum moesiacae, Genisto elatae-Quercetum roboris, Pseudostaellario-Carpinetum, Pseudostellario-Quercetum roboris.

Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)

pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests (F46, F47), sessile oak-hornbeam forests (F58, F65), species-poor beech and fir-beech forests (F87, F96), species-rich beech and fir-beech forests (F117, F121, F142, F143, F144), Balkan oak-bitter oak forests (G19), mixed downy oak forests (G48, G51), Black pine forests (K9), alluvial forests (U9, U15, U16, U17).

Land use, substitute communities

Site conditions of the mapping unit

Importance for nature protection

Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection

Most important references (author, year)

Bartha, Kevey, Morschhauser & Pócs 1995; Borhidi 1993; Borhidi & Kevey 1996; Debreczy & Hargitai 1971; Horvat 1938; Jovanović 1979a; Jovanović 1979b; Knapp 1944; Krause & Ludwig 1957; Mayer 1974; Mišić et al. 1978; Pop 1971; Puncer & Zupančič 1979; Ritter-Studnička 1970; Schneider-Binder 1973; Simon 1977; Soó 1962; Soó 1973a; Soó 1973b; Soó, Borhidi, Csapody, Kovács & Pócs et al. 1969; Stefanović 1964a; Stefanović 1964b; Stefanović 1964c; Stefanović & Manuseva 1966; Stefanović & Manuseva 1971; Zimmermann 1987; Zólyomi 1958; Zólyomi (Red.) 1958; Zupančič et al. 1986

Compiled by

K. Zukrigl under use of documents by H. Wagner, M. Zupan…i… and A. Borhidi; revised by J.R. Cross, J. Pallas, U. Bohn