Title
South Scandinavian mixed hornbeam-pedunculate oak forests (Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus), partly with Ulmus glabra, Fagus sylvatica, Acer campestre, Tilia cordata, with Stellaria holostea, Carex sylvatica, Hepatica nobilis
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Sweden: Skåne; Denmark: southern part of the island Lolland (scattered), island Bornholm
area frequency
10 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Poa nemoralis-Carpinus betulus-ass. Arwidsson 1929, Stellario-Carpinetum Oberdorfer 1957.
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Carpinus betulus dominates in the tree layer, often together with Quercus robur or Fagus sylvatica. There is a rich spring aspect especially with Anemone nemorosa, as well as a herb-rich summer aspect. The moss layer is weakly developed. Hedera and Lonicera occur in coastal regions.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Ulmus glabra, Tilia cordata
Shrub layer
Corylus avellana, Acer campestre, Cornus sanguinea
Herb layer
Sanicula europaea, Hepatica nobilis, Carex sylvatica, Primula elatior (missing on Bornholm), Deschampsia cespitosa (missing on Bornholm), Anemone ranunculoides, Lamium galeobdolon; Stellaria holostea, Stellaria nemorum, Anemone nemorosa, Viola mirabilis, Paris quadrifolia, Geum urbanum, Melica nutans, Aegopodium podagraria
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
Eurhynchium praelongum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Diagnostically important species
Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus; Stellaria holostea, Carex sylvatica, Hepatica nobilis
Ecological variants
No details
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
On Bornholm without Primula elatior, Deschampsia cespitosa; differentiated from unit F107 mainly by the ample presence of Carpinus betulus which approaches its northern distribution limit in southeast Denmark.
Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
Minerotrophic mostly fertile fens; ombrotrophic bogs (raised bogs); alder carrs; Fraxinus excelsior forests, beech forests (F77, F107), Melico-Quercetum, Ulmo-Tilietum.
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
acidophilous oak forests (F8), species-poor und species-rich beech forests (F79, F107), dune vegetation (P4), alluvial and moist forests (U28).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Deciduous forestry mainly with Fagus sylvatica; conifer plantations mostly with Picea abies.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Grassland; moist meadows; former grazing land (dry grassland).
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
Arable land.
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
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Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
Young moraine landscape with plains and hills
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
lowland, colline; up to 200 m
Geology (bedrock)
Glacial (Pleistocene) and marine (Holocene) sediments with end moraines of the Weichsel ice-age.
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
luvisol (FAO-Unesco) with high productivity, high biological activity and mull as humus form, humus-rich brown soils; (orthic luvisols; eutric and humic cambisols)
soil moisture, water balance
moist to moderately dry
soil reaction
weakly acidic, neutral
soil fertility
mesotrophic to eutrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VI1, VI2, VI(VII)
average annual temperature
6-8,5 EC
average annual precipitation
500-800 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
16-18 EC
average temperature of the coldest month
-2 to 0 EC
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
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Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
Scattered and fragmentary occurrences mostly within managed forests; potentially endangered and important for nature conservation.
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
Plantations with coniferous and deciduous trees.
required measures for protection and restitution
Maintenance of semi-natural stands.
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
Denmark: Slåhave (Lolland); Sweden: Stenshuvud, Skåne (national park), Listers huvud, Blekinge (nature reserve).
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Arwidsson 1929; Matuszkiewicz 1984; Oberdorfer 1957; Olsen 1938; Påhlsson (Ed.) 1994
Compiled by
L. Påhlsson; P. Vestergaard
