Title
Danubian pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests (Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur) with Tilia tomentosa, with Carpesium cernuum, Arum orientale
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
south Romania: Vlasia plain, region of Bukarest, Lowland along the rivers flowing through the Donau-plain
area frequency
5 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Ornithogalo-Tilio-Quercetum Dihoru 1976, Tilietum tomentosae Sanda & Popescu 1971, Quercetum cerris Georg. 1941. Locally communities with a limited area; the syntaxonomical state is to be examined.
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Four-layered pedunculate oak-hornbeam-lime forests, the upper tree layer with Quercus robur, Tilia tomentosa, Fraxinus angustifolia, Fraxinus pallisae, Acer platanoides, Ulmus minor, and the lower tree layer with Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Sorbus torminalis, Malus sylvestris, Pyrus pyraster; the shrub layer varies greatly as its species composition would suggest. The herb layer is formed from mesophilous and subxerophilic forest species.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Tilia tomentosa, Fraxinus angustifolia, Fraxinus pallisae, Acer platanoides, Ulmus minor, Acer campestre, Acer tataricum, Sorbus torminalis, Malus sylvestris, Pyrus pyraster
Shrub layer
Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Cornus mas, Cornus sanguinea, Ligustrum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, Euonymus europaea
Herb layer
Galium odoratum, Carex pilosa, Ranunculus ficaria, Pulmonaria officinalis, Asarum europaeum, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Viola reichenbachiana, Lamium galeobdolon agg., Convallaria majalis, Polygonatum hirtum, Potentilla micrantha, Lathyrus niger, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria and forest grasses
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
No details
Diagnostically important species
Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Tilia tomentosa; Ornithogalum sphaerocarpum, Carpesium cernuum, Scutellaria altissima, Arum orientale
Ecological variants
No details
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
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Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
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Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
acidophilous pedunculate oak forests (F22), sessile oak-hornbeam forests (F64), Balkan oak-bitter oak forests (G21), downy oak-bitter oak-grey oak forests (G34), forest steppes (L13), alluvial forests (U17, U18).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Scrub: Pruno-Crataegetum.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Agrostetum stoloniferae (Ujvárosi 1941) Burduja et al. 1956, Poetum pratensis Rav. et al. 1956, Alopecuretum pratensis Now. 1928.
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
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settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
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Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
Plains with a monotonous relief
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
lowland; 80-100 m
Geology (bedrock)
eolian (Pleistocene above Tertiary) sediments
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
More or less leached reddish brown forest soils, lessivé; (petrocalcic chromic luvisols)
soil texture
loamy, clayey
soil moisture, water balance
fresh
soil reaction
weakly acidic to neutral
soil fertility
mesotrophic, meso-eutrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VI(VII)
average annual temperature
9-11 EC
average annual precipitation
500-600 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
21-23 EC
average temperature of the coldest month
-2 to -1 EC
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
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Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
No details
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
No details
required measures for protection and restitution
No details
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
No details
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Ivan, Doniţă, Coldea, Sanda, Popescu, Chifu, Boşcaiu, Mititelu & Paucă-Comănescu 1993
Compiled by
Z. Neuhäuslová referring to the book by D. Ivan et al. 1993
