Title
East pre-Carpathian-Moldavian sessile oak-hornbeam forests (Carpinus betulus, Quercus petraea) with Quercus robur, in the west with Fagus sylvatica, Euonymus nana
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Romania: eastern pre-Carpathians along the Siret; Republic of Moldavia: in the northern part of the country along the Prut and Dnjestr; Ukraine: insular in the border region to the Republic of Moldavia
area frequency
20 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Querco petraeae-Carpinetum Soó & Pócs 1957, Carpino-Fagetum Pauca 1941, Euonymo nanae-Carpinetum (Borza 1937) Seghedin et al. 1977.Comment: This community set up temporarily as a mapping unit, needs a critical comparative-syntaxonomical revision towards its independence.
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Three-layered hornbeam-sessile oak forests, with a tree layer divided into two substrata. In the upper Quercus petraea occurs or even Quercus robur, and occasionally Fagus sylvatica, while in the lower Carpinus betulus and Acer campestre appear. The shrub layer is relatively species-poor, and the herb layer is dominated by Fagetalia species.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Quercus petraea, (Quercus robur, scattered), Carpinus betulus, Tilia cordata, Tilia tomentosa, Prunus avium, Acer campestre, in the western part of the area locally Fagus sylvatica
Shrub layer
Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Ligustrum vulgare
Herb layer
Euphorbia amygdaloides, Cruciata glabra, Lathyrus niger, Galium schultesii, Asarum europaeum, Lamium galeobdolon, Anemone nemorosa, Anemone ranunculoides, Poa nemoralis, Carex pilosa, Viola reichenbachiana, Galium odoratum, Melica uniflora, Lathyrus vernus, Cardamine bulbifera, Sanicula europaea, Salvia glutinosa, Brachypodium sylvaticum
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
mostly missing
Diagnostically important species
Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, Euonymus nana; Stellaria holostea, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Cruciata glabra, Galium schultesii
Ecological variants
Not known.
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
Regional community that is not further subdivided geographically.
Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
Small incidences of open pedunculate oak forests (Quercus robur) with steppe species on valley slopes; meadow steppes on limestone in the region of the middle course of the Dniester; Moldavian tomillares and tomillares steppes on limestone.
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
mixed oak-hornbeam forests (F41, F44, F61, F63), species-rich beech forests (F125, F126), forest steppes (L2, L3, L13), alluvial forests (U16).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Middle and low forests, oak forestry; scrub (Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum).
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Meadow steppes (Medicagini-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941) with Koeleria macrantha, Eryngium campestre, Achillea setacea.
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
Segetal communities unknown.
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
Ruderal communities unknown.
Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
Hilly country
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
colline; 200-400 m
Geology (bedrock)
eolian (bluff formation) and fluviatile sediments (Pleistocene above Tertiary); chalky clay, sandstone (Tertiary)
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
base-rich brown soils and parabrown soils, locally black earths; (eutric cambisols; eutric and gleyic luvisols; luvic chernozems)
soil moisture, water balance
fresh to moderately dry
soil reaction
weakly acidic, neutral
soil fertility
meso-eutrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VI2a, VI(VII)
average annual temperature
7,5-8,5 EC
average annual precipitation
500-600 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
18-20 EC
average temperature of the coldest month
-3 to -2 EC
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
Semi-humid climate.
Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
No details
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
No details
required measures for protection and restitution
No details
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
No details
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Ivan, Doniţă, Coldea, Sanda, Popescu, Chifu, Boşcaiu, Mititelu & Paucă-Comănescu 1993
Compiled by
Z. Neuhäuslová after D. Ivan et al. 1993
