Title
Southeast Carpathian sessile oak forests (Quercus petraea, Quercus dalechampii), partly with Carpinus betulus, with Carex pilosa in combination with thermophilous and thermo-acidophilous sessile oak forests (Quercus polycarpa) with Piptatherum virescens or Cytisus nigricans
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Romania: southern and eastern outliers of the Carpathians
area frequency
5 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Querco-petraeae-Carpinetum Soó & Pócs 1957 (Carpino-Quercetum petraeae auct. rom., Carici pilosae-Carpinetum R. & Z. Neuhäusl 1964), Cytiso-Quercetum petraeae Pauca 1941, Festuco drymeiae-Quercetum petraeae Morariu et al. 1976.Comment: Probably a regional association of its own, but in need of a comparative-syntaxonomical revision and a profound vegetational examination.
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Vegetation complex of a) sessile oak forests (Quercus petraea, Quercus dalechampii) with hornbeam and Carex pilosa, and b) acido-thermophilous Quercus polycarpa forests with Piptatherum virescens and Cytisus nigricans. Shrub layer in a) and b) well developed. The herb layer in a) consists of mesophilous species, and in b) of acidophilous and thermophilous species.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
a) Quercus petraea, Quercus dalechampii, partly with Carpinus betulus;
b) Quercus polycarpa
Shrub layer
a) Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana;
b) Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Cornus mas, Viburnum lantana, Cytisus nigricans
Herb layer
a) Carex pilosa, Carex sylvatica, Lamium galeobdolon, Galium schultesii, Poa nemoralis, Anemone nemorosa;
b) Veronica officinalis, Hieracium murorum, Genista tinctoria, Luzula luzuloides, Deschampsia flexuosa; thermophilous species: Tanacetum corymbosum, Piptatherum virescens, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Potentilla micrantha, Campanula persicifolia, Lathyrus niger, Melampyrum bihariense, Cruciata glabra, Festuca heterophylla
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
mostly missing
Diagnostically important species
a) Quercus petraea, Quercus dalechampii, Carpinus betulus; Carex pilosa; b) Qercus polycarpa; Cytisus nigricans; Piptatherum virescens, Luzula luzuloides
Ecological variants
No details
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
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Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
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Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
acidophilous oak forests (F22), mixed oak-hornbeam forests (F49), species-rich beech and mixed beech forests (F125, F126, F135), Balkan oak forests (G25), forest steppes (L13), alluvial forests and scrubs (U16, U18, U41).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Middle and low forests.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Anthoxantho-Agrostetum capillaris Sillinger 1933, Agrostido capillaris-Festucetum rupicolae M. Csürös 1964.
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
No details
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
No details
Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
Lower mountainous and hilly country
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
colline-submontane; 300-600 m
Geology (bedrock)
molasse (Tertiary), chalky clay, conglomerates; eolian and fluviatile sediments (Pleistocene above Tertiary)
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
parabrown soils, leached and acidic brown soils; (eutric luvisols; dystric and eutric cambisols)
soil moisture, water balance
fresh to moderately dry
soil reaction
moderately to weakly acidic
soil fertility
mesotrophic, meso-eutrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VI(VII)1
average annual temperature
7,5-9 EC
average annual precipitation
550-750 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
20-22 EC
average temperature of the coldest month
-2 to 0 EC
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
Subhumid climate.
Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
No details
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
No details
required measures for protection and restitution
No details
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
No details
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Doniţă, Ivan, Coldea, Sanda, Popescu, Chifu, Paucă-Comănescu, Mitetelu & Boşcaiu 1992; Ivan, Doniţă, Coldea, Sanda, Popescu, Chifu, Boşcaiu, Mititelu & Paucă-Comănescu 1993
Compiled by
Z. Neuhäuslová after D. Ivan et al. 1993, completed by U. Bohn
