Title
South Thracian downy oak-Balkan oak forests (Quercus frainetto, Quercus pubescens) with Quercus infectoria
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Turkey: south Thracia
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
No details
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
No details
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Quercus frainetto, Quercus pubescens, Quercus infectoria, Carpinus orientalis, Acer campestre
Shrub layer
Paliurus spina-christi, Cistus spp., Juniperus oxycedrus, Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus agg.
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
No details
Diagnostically important species
Quercus frainetto, Quercus pubescens, Quercus infectoria, Carpinus orientalis, Paliurus spina-christi
Ecological variants
No details
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
No details
Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
No details
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
downy oak-bitter oak forests (G32), Balkan oak-bitter oak forests (G24), kermes oak forests (J34), Pinus brutia-forests (K22), forest steppes (L15), alluvial and lowland forests (U36).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
oak low forest for the production of charcoal; usually degraded, Pinus nigra forestry.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Grazing, particularly on marl clay habitats and in the low forest remnants.
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
Wheat, sunflowers, maize
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
No details
Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
hilly country
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
colline; 150-300 m
Geology (bedrock)
fine-grained, clay- and calcareous sandstone-flysch (Oligocene) with thin, clayey-chalky clayey intermediate layers (Miocene)
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
brown soils to parabrown soils, partly vertisols (grumusol); (cambisols; chromic luvisols; pellic vertisols)
soil texture
medium, permeable, loamy clay soils, low stone content, but also medium to deep, stoneless clay soils
soil moisture, water balance
fresh to periodically dry
soil reaction
neutral to weakly alkaline
soil fertility
mesotrophic, (meso-eutrophic)
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
IV(VII), IV4
average annual temperature
12-14 °C
average annual precipitation
770-800 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
22-24 °C
average temperature of the coldest month
January Å4 °C
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
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Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
Usually only present in the form of (degraded) low forest.
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
Air pollution (SO2) over Bulgaria and middle Thracia, grazing, forest fires.
required measures for protection and restitution
Maintenance of the semi-natural stands, reafforestation of degraded forest areas for soil protection.
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
forest area Hacı Dag-Malkara-Onecik in the hilly landscape of south Thracia.
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Irmak, Kurter & Kantarcı 1980; Kantarcı 1976; Kantarcı 1989b; Kantarcı 1994; Kantarcı 1997b; Kantarcı & Karaöz 1998
Compiled by
M.D. Kantarcİ
