Title
Northeast Thracian downy oak-bitter oak forests (Quercus cerris, Quercus pubescens) with Carpinus orientalis
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Turkey: Çatalca peninsula, southern slopes of the Yıldız (Istranca)-mountains
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Quercus cerris-Q. frainetto-Q. pubescens-Carpinus orientalis-Phillyrea latifolia-community among others
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
No details
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Quercus cerris, Quercus pubescens, here and there Q. frainetto, Q. infectoria, Carpinus orientalis, Pyrus elaeagrifolia
Shrub layer
Crataegus monogyna, Cornus mas, Rosa canina, Phillyrea latifolia, Erica manipuliflora, Juniperus oxycedrus, Paliurus spina-christi
Lianas
Rubus fruticosus agg.
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
No details
Diagnostically important species
Quercus cerris, Quercus pubescens, Quercus frainetto, Quercus infectoria, Carpinus orientalis, Phillyrea latifolia
Ecological variants
Moister types in the area between Vize and Sinekli at the southern slope of the Yildiz mountains (Istranca), drier in the area at Ueskuep-Yoğuntaş at the southern slope of the Yildiz mountains (Istranca).
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
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Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
No details
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
Oriental beech forests (F162), Balkan oak-bitter oak forests (G24), Balkan oak forests (G28, G30), downy oak-bitter oak forests (G32), kermes oak forests (J34), dune vegetation (P13), alluvial and lowland forests (U18, U36).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Degraded Paliurus spina-christi low forest, Pinus nigra forestry, scrub with Juniperus oxycedrus.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Pastures (over large areas).
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
Cultivation of wheats, sunflowers, maize.
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
Villages, area under the influence of Istanbul.
Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
weakly undulating hilly country; southern slopes
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
colline; 50-500 m
Geology (bedrock)
limestone (Eocene, Miocene)
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
humus carbonate soils, brown soils, locally parabrown soils; shallow to medium; low to medium stone content, permeable; (leptosols; chromic cambisols; (stony) chromic luvisols; pellic vertisols)
soil texture
clayey loam, loamy clay, clay (shallow to medium)
soil moisture, water balance
dry (locally fresh)
soil reaction
neutral to alkaline; pH 6,5-7,5 (8,2)
soil fertility
mesotrophic, (meso-eutrophic)
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
IV(VII)
average annual temperature
11,5-13,9 °C
average annual precipitation
645-720 mm; locally to 850 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
20,2-21,2 °C
average temperature of the coldest month
January 2,5 °C
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
4 months of dry summer.
Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
Semi-natural stands are rare, remnants are especially worthy of protection; usually heavily degraded low forest.
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
Low forest management for charcoal production, grazing, forest fires, air pollution, extension of settlement (Istanbul etc.), afforestation.
required measures for protection and restitution
Protection of the semi-natural remnants, restitution of degraded forest stands by reafforestation with indigenous tree species.
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
Turkey: Yassıviran-Çekmece-forest area of the Çatalca-peninsula, Vize-Sinekli- and Üsküp-Yoğuntaş-forest area on the southern slopes of the Yıldız (Istranca-mountains).
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Irmak, Kurter & Kantarcı 1980; Kantarcı 1976; Kantarcı 1978b; Kantarcı 1979b; Kantarcı 1986; Kantarcı 1989a; Kantarcı 1989b; Kantarcı 1996; Kantarcı 1997a; Kantarcı 1997c; Kantarcı 1997d; Kantarcı & Karaöz 1998
Compiled by
M.D. Kantarcİ
