Title
Pannonian mixed Tatarian maple-pedunculate oak forests (Quercus robur, Quercus cerris, Quercus pubescens, Acer tataricum) with Iris variegata, Viola hirta, partly Viola suavis in combination with Festuca rupicola-dry grasslands and Prunus fruticosa-P. tenella-dry scrub
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Czech Republic: south Moravia (Starý Poddvorov, terraces of the rivers Jihlava and Svratka); south-west Slovakia; Hungary: north-west, north-east, central and southern Hungary; Yugoslavia: Serbia (Vojwodina); north-west Romania
area frequency
47 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Aceri tatarici-Quercetum pubescenti-roboris Zólyomi 1957 in combination with Salvio-Festucetum rupicolae Zólyomi 1958, Astragalo-Festucetum rupicolae (Mag. 1933) Soó 1956, 1964, Festucetum valesiacae-sulcatae Csűrős & Kovacs 1962.
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Light, moderately high, three-layered oak forests (Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens, Quercus robur) with many thermophilous elements in the shrub and herb layers; dry grasslands and drier scrub with many Pontic and Pannonian species are also present in the complex.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
forests: Quercus robur, Quercus cerris, Quercus pubescens, Quercus virgiliana, (Quercus polycarpa), Acer tataricum, Acer campestre, Ulmus minor, Pyrus pyraster, Sorbus domestica, Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus
Shrub layer
forests: Cornus mas, Cornus sanguinea, Prunus spinosa, Viburnum lantana, Rhamnus cathartica, Rosa gallica, Ruscus aculeatus, Ligustrum vulgare, Corylus avellana, Euonymus verrucosa, Crataegus monogyna; dry scrub: Prunus fruticosa, Prunus tenella
Herb layer
forests: Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum, Doronicum hungaricum, Dictamnus albus, Iris variegata, Carex michelii, Polygonatum hirtum, Lathyrus pannonicus subsp. collinus, Viola suavis, Viola hirta, Phlomis tuberosa, Nepeta nuda, Brachypodium pinnatum, Tanacetum corymbosum, Carex montana, Lathyrus niger, Melittis melissophyllum, Poa nemoralis, Dactylis glomerata, Dactylis polygama, Convallaria majalis, Clinopodium vulgare, Pulmonaria officinalis; dry grssland: Festuca rupicola, (Festuca valesiaca), Poa angustifolia, Orlaya grandiflora, Dorycnium herbaceum, Linum austriacum, Verbascum speciosum, Teucrium montanum, Melica ciliata, Polygala major, Pulsatilla montana, Linaria genistifolia, Dianthus carthusianorum, Bromus erectus, Salvia pratensis, Salvia nemorosa, Centaurea scabiosa, Thymus odoratissimus, Centaurea pannonica, Filipendula vulgaris, Galium verum among others
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
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Diagnostically important species
forests: Quercus robur, Quercus cerris, Acer tataricum; Ruscus aculeatus; Iris variegata, Viola suavis, Doronicum hungaricum, Dictamnus albus, Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum, Melica picta; arid grassland: Festuca rupicola, Sternbergia colchiciflora, Dianthus pontederae; dry scrub: Prunus fruticosa, Prunus tenella
Ecological variants
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Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
Northern form without Acer tataricum but with Acer campestre; south-west variant with Fraxinus ornus, Ruscus aculeatus, Tamus communis; western variant with less thermophilous species.
Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
Thermophilous oak and oak-hornbeam forests (Quercetum roboris-cerris, Quercetum petraeae-cerris, Primulae veris-Carpinetum, Polygonato latifoliae-Carpinetum, Pruno mahaleb-Quercetum pubescentis, Corno-Quercetum pubescentis).
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
acidophilous oak forests (F22), oak-hornbeam forests (F46, F47, F58, F59), mixed oak forests (G5), Quercus polycarpa-oak forests (G9), sessile oak- and Balkan oak-bitter oak forests (G16, G20, G21), flowering ash-downy oak forests (G47), forest steppes (L9, L10, L11), salt vegetation (P32), alder carrs (T1), alluvial forests (U9, U16, U17).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
False acacia and Pinus forestry. Plantations of Quercus robur f. slavonica; scrub of the Berberidion, Prunion spinosae.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Dry grassland (Bromion erecti).
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
Cereal and root crop fields: Caucalidion lappulae, Fumario-Euphorbion, Panico-Setarion.
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
Ruderal communities and vegetation of trampled ground: Sisymbrietalia, Convolvulo-Agropyrion, Onopordion acanthii, Arction lappae, Polygonion avicularis.
Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
plains and loess hilly country, and less often moderately inclined, sunny slopes
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
lowland, colline; 140-300(350) m
Geology (bedrock)
eolian sand; bluff formation covered by lime-rich sandstone of the south Moravian flysch zone; here and there river terraces covered by bluff formation (Pleistocene, Tertiary)
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
all grades betwen typical black earth and base-rich brown soils, more rarely parabrown soils; (luvic phaeozems; calcic and haplic chernozems; eutric cambisols)
soil texture
loamy, loamy-sandy
soil moisture, water balance
moderately dry, dry; locally fresh
soil reaction
neutral to weakly alkaline
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VI (VII)1
average annual temperature
9-10,5 °C
average annual precipitation
480-650 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
July 19,5-22 °C
average temperature of the coldest month
January -4 to -1 °C
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
longer dry seasons in mid- and late summer.
Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
Most forest and dry grassland areas have been transformed into arable land; the still existing semi-natural remnants of the forests and dry grasslands with many rare thermophilous and continental species are greatly endangered and especially worthy of protection.
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
Species worthy of protection: Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum, Campanula bononiensis, Carex michelii, Centaurea triumfetti, Cephalanthera damasonium, Crepis praemorsa, Cypripedium calceolus, Dictamnus albus, Euphorbia epithymoides, Iris graminea, Iris variegata, Melampyrum cristatum, Melica picta, Orchis purpurea, Phlomis tuberosa, Pulmonaria mollis, Viola alba among others; Substitute communities worthy of protection: Astragalo austriaci-Brachypodietum pinnati, Lathyro-Adonidetum aestivalis and Euphorbio-Melandrietum noctiflori.
causes of endangerment
Agricultural use, excessive use of the forests, transformation into plantations.
required measures for protection and restitution
Protection of the still remaining semi-natural forests and dry grasslands; ecological restitution of the degraded forests.
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
Czech Republic: south Moravia: Milovická pahorkalina-hill country, the forest Milovický les in the south-west of Milovice, Steinitzer forest (Ždánický les) in the south-west of Morkůvky; Slovakia: forest Martinsky near Senec, Dubnik near Sered; Hungary: Kerecsendi erdö, Albertirsa, Sajóvámos, Ujszentmargita, Ohat; Romania: Baile Felix.
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Chytrý 1997; Chytrý & Horvát 1997; Csűrős & Kovacs 1962; Fekete 1965; Hodişan & Pop 1973; Máthé 1933; Michalko & Džatko 1965; Neuhäuslová et al. 1998; Soó 1964a; Soó 1971; Zólyomi 1967; Zólyomi & Jakucs 1957
Compiled by
N. Doniţă based on documents by Z. Neuhäuslová, A. Borhidi, G. Coldea, J. Michalko and H. Wagner, completed by Š. Maglocky
