Title
North Aegean Pinus brutia-forests with Quercus frainetto, Quercus infectoria, Pyrus elaeagrifolia, partly Quercus coccifera and Arbutus andrachne
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
Turkey: between Marmara-Sea, Dardanelles, Aegean and border to Greece (Ergene); Greece: Thracia, central Evros-region
area frequency
5 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
No details
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Pinus brutia forests with macchia undergrowth.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Pinus brutia, Quercus frainetto, Quercus infectoria, Pyrus elaeagrifolia, partly Quercus coccifera, Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris, Sorbus torminalis
Shrub layer
Arbutus andrachne, Arbutus unedo, Phillyrea latifolia, Erica arborea, Quercus coccifera, Juniperus oxycedrus, Pistacia terebinthus, Cornus mas, Crataegus monogyna, Cistus creticus
Herb layer
Stipa bromoides, Origanum vulgare, Potentilla pedata, Poa bulbosa, Muscari armeniacum, Moenchia mantica, Veronica jacquinii, Verbascum blattaria
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
No details
Diagnostically important species
Pinus brutia, Pyrus elaeagrifolia, Quercus infectoria; Arbutus andrachne
Ecological variants
No details
Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
In Greece without Pyrus elaeagrifolia.
Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
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Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
Balkan oak-bitter oak forests (G24), Balkan oak forests (G28, G29), downy oak-bitter oak forests (G32), Oriental hornbeam-downy oak-forests (G57), kermes oak forests and scrubs (J34), wild olive-locust tree forests (J50), forest steppes (L15), alluvial forests and scrubs (U18, U36, U39).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Pinus brutia, Pinus pinea- and Cupressus sempervirens plantations; degraded low forest remnants (Quercetalia pubescentis); Cisto-Micromerietea dwarf-shrub communities, Cistus garrigue.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Pteridium aquilinum heaths.
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
Crop fields.
settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
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Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
lowland; meso-Mediterranean
Geology (bedrock)
gneiss, amphibolite; Tertiary sediments
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
parabrown soils; humus carbonate soils, terra rossa; (leptosols; stony chromic luvisols)
soil texture
clayey loam- and loamy clay soils; stone-rich
soil moisture, water balance
dry to fresh
soil fertility
meso-eutrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
IV4, IV(VII)
average annual temperature
12,5-13,5 °C
average annual precipitation
500-600 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
22-24 °C
average temperature of the coldest month
2-4 °C
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
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Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
No details
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
No details
causes of endangerment
forest fires, grazing (very much in earlier times), settlements (small villages and summer-houses), air pollution (SO2).
required measures for protection and restitution
No details
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
No details
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Irmak, Kurter & Kantarcı 1980; Kantarcı 1976; Kantarcı 1988b; Kantarcı 1989b; Kantarcı 1994; Kantarcı 1996; Kantarcı & Sevgi 1998; Zoller, Geissler & Athanasiadis 1977
Compiled by
M.D. Kantarcı, completed by Th. Raus
