Title
Julian black pine forests (Pinus nigra subsp. nigra) with Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri, Bupleurum ranunculoides subsp. gramineum
Geographical distribution
Country/territory
South Austria; Italy: east- Alps (Friaul)
area frequency
6 polygons.
Scientific names of main plant communities and their most common synonyms (with author citation)
Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967.
Structural feature of the main community(ies) (layers, life-forms, etc.)
Three-layered black pine stands with isolated species in the shrub layer. Illyrian and south-east Alpine species are present.
Dominant and most frequent species in different layers
Tree layer
Pinus nigra subsp. nigra, Pinus sylvestris
Shrub layer
Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Amelanchier ovalis, Cytisus nigricans, Salix glabra, Juniperus communis, Rhamnus saxatilis
Herb layer
Carex humilis, Molinia arundinacea, Sesleria albicans, Erica carnea, Chamaecytisus purpureus, Peucedanum oreoselinum, Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri, Epipactis atrorubens
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
No details
Diagnostically important species
Pinus nigra subsp. nigra; Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri, Bupleurum ranunculoides subsp. gramineum
Ecological variants
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Geographical variants (geogr. differential species)
Type with Thymus longicaulis, Allium ochroleucum, Asperula aristata subsp. scabra, Centaurea grinensis subsp. fritschii, Euphrasia cuspidata, Peucedanum austriacum subsp. rablense.
Natural accompanying vegetation (most important units in complex with the name giving mapping unit, scientific names)
Festuco-Brometea, Seslerietea communities, Spiraeo-Potentilletum caulescentis Poldini 1969.
Adjoining climax and permanent vegetation (with numbers of mapping units)
larch-pine forests (C19), fir-beech forests (F142), hop-hornbeam-downy oak forests (G48), xerophytic pine forests (K2, K3).
Land use, substitute communities
forestry (substitute communities, plantations of economic tree-species, scrub)
Black pine plantations.
grassland (meadows, pastures, herb-rich communities)
Pastures, Festuco-Brometea, Seslerietea.
arable land (characteristic weed communities)
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settlements (typical ruderal vegetation)
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Site conditions of the mapping unit
Landscape type, geomorphology
mountains: mainly south exposed steep slopes, sometimes rocky or rubbly
Altitudinal belt and/or altitudinal range
submontane to montane; 500-900 (1200) m
Geology (bedrock)
carbonate-rich rocks (Triassic lime, Triassic dolomite)
soil type, also the depth of fine textured earth (soil), stone content; (international nomenclature)
shallow humus carbonate soils, proto-humus carbonate soils, (lithosols); (lithic, calcaric and rendzic leptosols)
soil texture
loamy, stone-rich, rocky
soil moisture, water balance
moderately dry, dry
soil reaction
neutral, alkaline
soil fertility
meso-eutrophic, eutrophic
Climate incl. local climate
climate type (following Walter & Lieth)
VI1a, VI4, VI(X)3
average annual temperature
8-10 °C
average annual precipitation
>2000 mm
average temperature of the warmest month
July 17-20 °C
average temperature of the coldest month
January -3 to -2 °C
local climate or other climatic peculiarities
summerly dryness.
Importance for nature protection
Present state and development trend of natural vegetation (degree of endangerment)
Residues of natural black pine forests have usually been influenced by man.
endangered communities, species worthy of protection in natural vegetation
Natural communities: black pine forests, endemic Spiraeo-Potentilletum caulescentis; endemic species: Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri, Bupleurum ranunculoides subsp. gramineum.
causes of endangerment
Forestry, forest grazing.
required measures for protection and restitution
Strict protection of semi-natural stands.
Localities of representative stands (loci typici) with state of protection
of the natural vegetation
Italy: Friaul (Italian east Alps).
of characteristic substitute communities worthy of protection
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Most important references (author, year)
Poldini 1967; Poldini 1969; Poldini & Vidali 1995
Compiled by
R. Venanzoni and Z. Neuhäuslová
